Cervical cancer is a serious health problem affecting women around the world. This form of cancer originates in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. While cervical cancer can be a formidable adversary, armed with knowledge about its causes, symptoms, risk factors, and prevention strategies, individuals can take proactive steps to reduce their risk and ensure early detection.

Causes and Risk Factors: Unravelling the DNA Connection

Cervical cancer begins with the development of genetic changes in the DNA of healthy cells in the cervix. These alterations instruct cells to multiply rapidly, disrupting the natural cycle of cell life and death. The primary reason behind these genetic changes is the human papillomavirus (HPV). This common sexually transmitted infection plays a pivotal role in causing most cervical cancers.

HPV and its Role

HPV is a prevalent infection transmitted through sexual contact. In the majority of cases, the body’s immune system effectively combats the virus. However, for some individuals, HPV persists for years, contributing to the transformation of cervical cells into cancerous ones. Understanding the connection between HPV and cervical cancer underscores the importance of preventive measures and early detection.

Symptoms

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The most common cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Here are some detailed symptoms of cervical cancer:

1. Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

• Unusual bleeding between menstrual periods.
• Bleeding after sexual intercourse.
• Postmenopausal bleeding.

2. Pelvic Pain: Unbearable pain in the pelvic area may radiate to the lower back.

3. Pain During Sexual Intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity, particularly deep penetration.

4. Unusual Vaginal Discharge: Increased vaginal discharge that may be foul-smelling, watery, or mixed with blood.

5. Pelvic Discomfort or Pressure: A feeling of discomfort or pressure in the pelvic area.

6. Painful Urination: Pain or discomfort during urination, may be a result of the cancer affecting nearby structures.

7. Swelling of the Legs: Swelling in the legs may occur if the cancer has spread and is affecting lymphatic drainage.

Types of Cervical Cancer

There are different types of cervical cancer, classified based on the specific cells where the cancer originates. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This is the most common type of cervical cancer, accounting for approximately 70-90% of cases. Squamous cells are flat, thin cells lining the outer part of the cervix. Cancer that develops in these cells is referred to as squamous cell carcinoma.

2. Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma originates in the glandular cells of the cervix, which produce mucus. This type of cervical cancer accounts for about 10-25% of cases. Adenocarcinoma tends to occur higher in the cervix and may be more challenging to detect through traditional screening methods like Pap smears.

3. Adenosquamous Carcinoma

This is a less common type of cervical cancer that contains a combination of squamous and glandular cancer cells.

4. Small Cell Carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of cervical cancer. It is composed of small, round cells and tends to grow and spread quickly.

5. Neuroendocrine Tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors are another rare type of cervical cancer. They arise from cells that release hormones in response to signals from the nervous system.

Risk Factors

There are several factors that increase the risk of developing cervical cancer:

Smoking Tobacco

Smoking not only increases the risk of cervical cancer but also hampers the body’s ability to clear HPV infections.

Number of Sexual Partners

A higher number of sexual partners, along with partners who have multiple sexual partners, increases the likelihood of acquiring HPV.

Early Sexual Activity

Engaging in sexual activity at an early age elevates the risk of HPV transmission.

Weakened Immune System

Individuals with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to developing cervical cancer if they have HPV.

Exposure to DES

Exposure to diethylstilboestrol (DES) during pregnancy, a miscarriage prevention medicine used in the 1950s, is linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer.

Prevention

Proactive measures play a pivotal role in preventing cervical cancer:

1. HPV Vaccine

 Inquiring about and receiving the HPV vaccine is a powerful preventive measure, reducing the risk of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers.

2. Routine Pap Tests

Regular Pap tests, starting around age 21 and performed every few years, enable the early detection of precancerous conditions, allowing for timely intervention.

3. Safe Sex Practices

Consistent condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners reduce the risk of HPV transmission and subsequent cervical cancer.

4. Smoking

Quitting smoking or avoiding it altogether is crucial, as smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer, particularly in individuals with HPV infections.

It’s important to note that early-stage cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. Regular Pap smears and HPV screenings are crucial for early detection, as they can identify precancerous changes in the cervical cells before cancer develops.

If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional promptly. Keep in mind that these symptoms can be caused by various conditions, and experiencing them doesn’t necessarily mean you have cervical cancer. Regular screenings and check-ups are key to early detection and successful treatment.